How to form a sentence in English كيف تكون جملة في الإنجليزية
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S-V فاعل + فعل |
He sleeps. |
S- V – Nفاعل + فعل + اسم |
He is a doctor. |
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S-V-O فاعل+ فعل + مفعول |
She eats rice. |
S-V-Adjفاعل + فعل + صفة |
The doctor is sick. |
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S-V-IO-DO فاعل + فعل + مفعول غير مباشر مفعول مباشر |
She told him a lie. |
S-V-Adفاعل + فعل + ظرف / حال |
The doctor is here. |
Basic grammar - parts of speech
Verbs الأفعال
Verbs are words that express action. They also indicate when the action takes place through the tense used
الافعال و هي ما نقوم به من أعمال و الافعال لها صيغ و اشكال مختلفة
Examples:
(to be – to have – to do– action verbs (helping verb+ main verb – modals + inf. – main verb)
§ Ahmed is a doctor.
§ She has a red car.
§ I do my homework every night.
§ They are playing the guitar.
§ We will travel abroad.
§ The cat ate the rat.
Nouns الأسماء
Nouns are names of people, places, objects and ideas
الاسماء هي ما نسمي او ندعو به كل شيء حولنا من اشخاص او حيوانات او اشياء او افكار
People
: student, Ali, mother
animals/birds/insects
: cat, cow, horse, parrot, ant
places
: library, street, Egypt
things
: desk, table, chair
ideas
: friendship, love, honesty
§ Common nouns الاسماء النكرة (dog, computer, river, country, boy, etc)
§ Collective nouns الاسماء الجمع(names of a group of something) ) a herd of cows, a flock of sheep, family, team, class, group, etc)
§ Proper nouns الأسماء العلم (the names of people, places and so on) (London, Mona, the River Nile, Egypt)
§ Abstract nounsالأسماء المجردة (names of things we can't see or touch) - love, hope الأمل , fear الخوف, povertyالفقر
Adjectives الصفات
Adjectives are words that describe a noun or a pronoun. An adjective could define the number, color, state, or kind of a noun or pronoun
الصفات هي الكلمات التي تصف الاسماء او الضمائر و هي تعبر عن اللون او العدد او الحالة او النوع الخ
Number
: five, ten, thirty
Color
: green, red, brown
State
: old, tidy, smart, tired, happy, rich
Nationality : Italian, Egyptian
Adjectives describe nouns. الصفة تصف اسم
تأتي الصفات عادة في اللغة الانجليزية قبل الاسماء
§ She is wearing a blue dress.
§ I lost my new watch.
§ She bought an expensive car.
§ Good pupils study hard.
و لكنها ممكن ان تأتي بعد بعض الافعال مثل (فعل يكون)
§ She is beautiful.
He is smart.
We are happy.
§ او بعد الافعال التي تعبر عن الحالات او كيف تبدو الاشياء
§ The food tastes good.
The perfume smells nice.
He looks sad.
Adverbs الظروف أو الأحوال
Adverbs give us extra information about how, where or when a verb happens.
الظرف أو الحال يعطي معلومات أكثر عن كيف أو أين أو متى يحدث الفعل . الظرف يصف فعل أول صفة أو ظرف مثله
When
: often, yesterday, always, usually
Where
: away, down, outside, up
How
: loudly, correctly, fast, slowly
§ He drove slowly.
§ She spoke loudly.
§ They travelled yesterday.
§ I will stay here.
§ Types of adverbs أنواع الظرف
1- adverbs of time: ظروف الزمان
- Last week , we bought a laptop.
2- Adverbs of place: ظروف المكان
- I searched everywhere, but I couldn’t find my glasses.
- Put it there.
3- Adverbs of manner: ظروف طريقة آداء الفعل
Ex. (badly, happily, sadly, quickly, well, hard, fast)
- She did her homework badly.
- They played well and won the match.
4- Adverbs of degree: ظروف الدرجة
Ex. (extremely, very, quite, so, almost, nearly, really, too)
- It’s quite hot today.
- I’m very well.
- He ran too quickly.
- She really cooked a good meal.
5- Adverbs of frequency: ظروف التكرار
Ex. (again, almost, ever, frequently, generally, hardly ever, nearly always,
never, occasionally, often, rarely, seldom, sometimes, twice, usually, and weekly)
My sister always gets up early.
My friend is always late for school.
He seldom reads before going to bed.
I will ask him again to lend me some money.
He goes to the cinema twice a month.
Sometimes , he travels to America.
Pronouns الضمائر
Pronouns are words that replace a noun. They can refer to a person, object, or idea
الضمائر تحل عادة محل الاسماء في الجملة و ممكن ان تشير إلى اشخاص او اشياء او حيوانات الخ
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Subject pronouns |
Object pronouns |
Possessive adjective |
Possessive pronouns |
Reflexive pronouns |
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I |
me |
my |
mine |
myself |
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He |
him |
his |
his |
himself |
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She |
her |
her |
hers |
herself |
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It |
it |
its |
- |
itself |
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They |
them |
their |
theirs |
themselves |
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We |
us |
our |
ours |
ourselves |
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You |
you |
your |
yours |
Yourself - yourselves |
Subject pronouns ضمائر الفاعل (تحل محل الفاعل)
The girls (They) were watching TV.
My dad (He) bought an new car.
The giraffes (They) have long necks.
The cat (It) eats mice.
I and my friends (We) will go on a picnic.
Object pronouns ضمائر المفعول (تحل محل المفعول)
I helped the old woman (her).
They listened to the teacher (him / her).
I bought my mum (her) a present.
I asked the boys (them) not to play in the street.
Possessive adjectives صفات الملكية (هي صفات وليست ضمائر ووضعت هنا لبيان الفرق بينها وبين بقية الضمائر فقط)
صفات الملكية لابد أن يتبعها اسم (الاسم المملوك)
This is my pen.
She lost her book.
I forgot his name.
Possessive pronouns ضمائر الملكية (لا يتبعه اسم ويأتي بعده فعل أو يأتي في آخر الجملة)
This car is mine. = This is my car.
His car is blue. Mine is red.
The red car is theirs.
Prepositions حروف الجر
Prepositions are words used with nouns or pronouns to connect them with other verbs in the sentence.
حرف الجر هي كلمات تستعمل مع الاسماء او الضمائر و تربطهم مع باقي اجزاء الجملة
Examples: in, on, at, from, above, behind, through, across
§ Your pen is on the desk.
§ The children went to the park.
§ We rested under the tree.
§ Jim hid behind the door.
Conjunctions الروابط
Conjunctions link words, sentences or parts of a sentence together.
هي كلمات تقوم بربط الجمل او اجزا من الجمل ببعضها لتعطي معنى اوضح و افضل
and, or, but, for, so, yet, nor, after, even though, because, however, not only...but also, neither… nor, either....or, etc
§ The room is tidy and clean.
§ The road was busy and it was loud.
§ I closed the door, but I didn't lock it because I thought she was still inside.
§ She got high marks because she studied hard.
Word order in English sentences – Summary
1. singing - new - now – He- song - a - is
2. I – like- Mondays – not - do
3. not - do - night - at - Cats - sleep - usually
4. tennis- not - My – does - play - friend
5. grandmother - swimming – his- goes - never
6. Jack - kitchen - breakfast – the – has - in
7. My - car - is father's - broken.
8. sister – is – a - John's - student.
9. is - house - The - of – open- window - the
10. friend's – doctor - a - mother – is - Your
11. The – has - been - purse - lady's - stolen
12. the – The – of – front door - garage – closed - is
13. Mary's - sunglasses – beautiful - are
14. school - by – always - to – She – bus - goes
15. garden - cat - The - is – the – playing - in
16. before - We - have – met - him
17. see - yesterday – morning - Did – Mr - you – Ahmed ?
18. late – never - is - He
19. ran – out - The – quickly - the – boy – room - of
20. to - They – Rome - on – flying- are - Tuesday.
21. ever – you- Canada- to - been - Have ?
22. watched- the -weekend – We – film- last
23. fluently- John - English - speaks
24. go / now / home / will / I
25. give / the present / tomorrow / we / him / will
26. her / met / last night / at / we / the station
27. was / last week / he / in hospital
28. in Greece / spend / I / will / next year / my holiday
29. must / at five o'clock / leave / we / the house
30. the library / take / I / the book / will / today / to
31. my mum / breakfast / in the morning / made
32. tonight / want / to the cinema / to go / we
33. wrote / last week / they / at school / a test
